Djallalluddin Djallalluddin
Anggarda Kristianti Utomo
Tenri Ashari Wanahari
A brief review of the cardiovascular complication of COVID-19 what is the pathophysiology of arrhythmia during infection?
Djallalluddin Djallalluddin
Anggarda Kristianti Utomo
Tenri Ashari Wanahari
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Ulin General Hospital, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Ulin General Hospital, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Ulin General Hospital, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
Received: 15 January 2025 / Revised: 14 February 2025 / Accepted: 9 March 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
Abstract
Introduction and aim. COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, significantly affects the cardiovascular system beyond its respiratory manifestations. This review examines the intricate relationship between COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications, focusing on cardiac arrhythmias and their underlying pathophysiology.
Material and methods. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar from its inception to December 2024, including peer-reviewed articles published in English.
Analysis of literature. In COVID-19, a spectrum of cardiovascular complications is observed, including acute myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, myocarditis, venous thromboembolism, and heart failure/cardiac shock. The pathophysiology of cardiovascular damage in COVID-19 involves multiple mechanisms, primarily including direct viral cardiotoxicity, systemic inflammation, and hypercoagulability. Arrhythmias are a common cardiac complication in COVID-19, encompassing a range of disturbances, from bradycardia to ventricular fibrillation. The mechanisms underlying arrhythmias in COVID-19 are multifaceted, including direct viral injury to cardiomyocytes, hypoxia, systemic inflammation, hyperthermia, autonomic imbalance, electrolyte imbalances, side effects of medications, and drug-drug interactions.
Conclusion. Understanding the complex interplay of these factors is crucial for the early diagnosis and appropriate management of cardiac complications in patients with COVID-19. To mitigate cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in individuals with COVID-19, cardiovascular monitoring and the development of targeted therapeutic strategies are highly recommended.
Cite
Djallalluddin D, Utomo AK, Wanahari TA. A brief review of the cardiovascular complication of COVID-19 what is the pathophysiology of arrhythmia during infection? Eur J Clin Exp Med. 2025;23(3):731–741. doi: 10.15584/ejcem.2025.3.1.
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