Endogenous and exogenous factors influencing anti-Müllerian hormone levels in women of reproductive age

Olga Jankowska
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Wojciech Kraśnik
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Jacek Kurzeja
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Katarzyna Piotrowicz
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Hubert Piotrowicz
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Agnieszka Bajkacz
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Anna Rogala
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Joanna Osmólska
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J. Strus City Multispecialty Hospital, Poznań, Poland
J. Strus City Multispecialty Hospital, Poznań, Poland
J. Strus City Multispecialty Hospital, Poznań, Poland
University Clinical Hospital in Poznan, Poznań, Poland
University Clinical Hospital in Poznan, Poznań, Poland
University Hospital in Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
Received: 6 January 2025 / Revised: 19 February 2025 / Accepted: 20 February 2025 / Published: 30 June 2025

Abstract

Introduction and aim. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a key marker of ovarian reserve (OR), which declines with advancing reproductive age. Certain pathological conditions can reduce OR or lower AMH levels independently of age, potentially impair ing fertility. This study aims to review the scientific literature on factors influencing AMH levels and the causes of diminished OR, including lifestyle, diet, supplementation, pathogenic factors, environmental influences, and genetic predispositions.

Material and methods. This review was conducted using electronic databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. A comprehensive search was carried out across these databases, covering the period from 2007 to 2024. The inclusion criteria encom pass studies on AMH and factors influencing ovarian reserve, that present either quantitative or qualitative data.

Analysis of the literature. The most important factor determining the level of AMH is age. In addition, factors that may influ ence hormone levels include genetic background, autoimmune diseases, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), environmental toxins, diet, supplementation, oral contraception, physical activity, and smoking.

Conclusion. The causes of reduced OR and abnormal AMH levels remain unclear in many cases. Recommendations for the pre vention of pathologically reduced OR include lifestyle modifications, a diet rich in antioxidants, avoiding toxins, refraining from smoking, appropriate supplementation, genetic testing, and regular blood tests.

 

Cite

Jankowska O, Kraśnik W, Kurzeja J, Piotrowicz K, Piotrowicz H, Bajkacz A, Rogala A, Osmólska J. Endogenous and exogenous factors influencing anti-Müllerian hormone levels in women of reproductive age. Eur J Clin Exp Med. 2025;23(2):503–511. doi: 10.15584/ej cem.2025.2.23.

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